"Next lesson: Peer review. All of Hwang's papers inScience were peer-reviewed. If we ever needed evidence that peer review is an empty ritual, this episode provides it. Hwang made extraordinary claims. He did not provide extraordinary evidence. Many studies have shown that peer review does not improve the quality of scientific papers. Scientists themselves know it doesn't work. Yet the public still regards it as a sign of quality, and says, 'This paper was peer-reviewed,' or 'This paper was not peer-reviewed,' as if that meant something. It doesn't.
"Next, the journals themselves. Where was the firm hand of the editor ofScience ? Remember that the journalScience is a big enterprise - 115 people work on that magazine. Yet gross fraud, including photographs altered with Adobe Photoshop, were not detected. And Photoshop is widely known as a major tool of scientific fraud. Yet the magazine had no way to detect it.
"Not thatScience is unique in being fooled. Fraudulent research has been published in theNew England Journal of Medicine, where authors withheld critical information about Vioxx heart attacks; in theLancet, where a report about drugs and oral cancer was entirely fabricated - in that one, 250 people in the patient database had the same birth date! That might have been a clue. Medical fraud is more than a scandal, it's a public health threat. Yet it continues."
THE COST OF FRAUD
"The cost of such fraud is enormous," McKeown said, "estimated at thirty billion dollars annually, probably three times that. Fraud in science is not rare, and it's not limited to fringe players. The most respected researchers and institutions have been caught with faked data. Even Francis Collins, the head of NIH's Human Genome Project, was listed as co-author on five faked papers that had to be withdrawn.
"The ultimate lesson is that science isn't special - at least not anymore. Maybe back when Einstein talked to Niels Bohr, and there were only a few dozen important workers in every field. But there are now three million researchers in America. It's no longer a calling, it's a career. Science is as corruptible a human activity as any other. Its practitioners aren't saints, they're human beings, and they do what human beings do - lie, cheat, steal from one another, sue, hide data, fake data, overstate their own importance, and denigrate opposing views unfairly. That's human nature. It isn't going to change."
Chapter 8-11
CHapter 008
In the BioGenanimal lab, Tom Weller was going down the line of cages with Josh Winkler, who was dispensing doses of gene-laced virus to the rats. It was their daily routine. Tom's cell phone rang.
Josh gave him a look. Josh was his senior. Josh could take calls at work, but Tom couldn't. Weller stripped off one rubber glove and pulled the phone from his pocket.
"Hello?"
"Tom."
It was his mother. "Hi, Mom. I'm at work now."
Josh gave him another look.
"Can I call you back?"
"Your dad had a car accident last night," she said. "And...he died."
"What?"He felt suddenly dizzy. Tom leaned against the rat cages, took a shallow breath. Now Josh was giving him a concerned look. "What happened?"
"His car hit an overpass around midnight," his mother said. "They took him to Long Beach Memorial Hospital, but he died early this morning."
"Oh God. Are you at home?" Tom said. "You want me to come over? Does Rachel know?"
"I just got off the phone."
"Okay, I'll come over," he said.
"Tom, I hate to ask you this," she said, "but..."
"You want me to tell Lisa?"
"I'm sorry. I can't seem to reach her." Lisa was the black sheep of the family. The youngest child, just turned twenty. Lisa hadn't talked to her mother in years. "Do you know where she is these days, Tom?"
"I think so," he said. "She called a few weeks ago."
"To ask for money?"
"No, just to give me her address. She's in Torrance."
"I can't reach her," his mother said.
"I'll go," he said.
"Tell her the funeral is Thursday, if she wants to come."
"I'll tell her."
He flipped the phone shut and turned to Josh. Josh was looking concerned and sympathetic. "What was it?"
"My father died."
"I'm really sorry..."
"Car crash, last night. I need to go tell my sister."
"You have to leave now?"
"I'll stop by the office on my way out and send Sandy in."
"Sandy can't do this. He doesn't know the routine - "
"Josh," he said, "I have to go."
Traffic was heavyon the 405. It took almost an hour before he found himself in front of a ratty apartment building on South Acre in Torrance, pushing the buzzer for apartment 38. The building stood close to the freeway; the roar of traffic was constant.
He knew Lisa worked nights, but it was now ten o'clock in the morning. She might be awake. Sure enough, the buzzer sounded, and he opened the door. The lobby smelled strongly of cat piss. The elevator didn't work, so he took the stairs to the third floor, stepping around plastic sacks of garbage. A dog had broken one sack open, and the contents spilled down a couple of steps.
He stopped in front of apartment 38, pushed the doorbell. "Just a fucking minute," his sister called. He waited. Eventually, she opened the door.
She was wearing a bathrobe. Her short black hair was pulled back. She looked upset. "The bitch called," she said.
"Mom?"
"She woke me up, the bitch." She turned, went back into the apartment. He followed her. "I thought you were the liquor delivery."